My friend, this is a difficult subject. One I have wrestled with for years.
The commentary linked ignored the most important part of Jesus' message when addressing Matthew 22:21 "render to Caesar what is Caesar's and to God what is God's." The main distinction Jesus is drawing here is that Caesar is material (temporal). The world, our possession, our bodies, are all temporary. They breakdown, fade, die and turn to dust. The Spiritual is eternal. Jesus is drawing that distinct difference. Give the temporary (ultimately of no value) to those rule here (within specific limits) and give your soul (eternal with tremendous value) to God. We must first recognize the difference in our worldly possession and see them as worthless compared to our eternal gift of salvation found only in Jesus Christ. Jesus reiterates this with his message in Matthew 19:21 when talking to the young rich man (likely Mark, the author of the Gospel of Mark), to sell all of his possessions and follow him.
The specific limits of government are that while they are indeed placed in their position under the providence of God, they do not have the authority to ask you to sin. Daniel, Shadrach, Meshach, Abendigo are the perfect illustration here. They were asked to not worship God. They appropriately viewed that as a sin, defied that authority, and were persecuted. Through that persecution, God revealed his ultimate power in both the lion's den and fiery furnace, and used those events to bring more people to faith.
In Romans 13, first let's address the context. Romans was written to the followers of Jesus, known as The Way (the term Christian wasn't coined for many decades later) in the city of Rome. Rome was ruled by Caesar and had a pagan worldview. At this time, and really throughout much of history, the reason wars and conquering occurred was due to this fundamental worldview difference. One nation, who believed X, conquered another nation, who believed Y, and wanted to force their worldview on said conquered nation. Rinse and repeat. Paul understood this dynamic as he was very well educated and a Roman citizen, and he also understood that a rapidly growing church (The Way) was viewed as a potential threat to Caesar. He also knew his letter was likely to fall into Caesar's hand. In that event, it's reasonable to expect that Paul was writing first to the church in Rome with an undertone written to Caesar himself.
Through that lens, we see Paul giving direct guidance to the church in Rome to obey their authorities. The Way is not a political movement, it was much greater, superceding that concept. In essence, we are to be good citizens, not a threat to established governments. We, as followers of Jesus, are to respect our authorities, even if they don't follow Jesus. There are a lot of reasons for this, from the ability to evangelize the lost, which requires us to go to places where the name of Jesus is not worshiped as king, to the ability for God to demonstrate his power over man & government in spectacular ways (i..e. Daniel, Paul in the Roman prison during the earthquake, etc....)
Through that lens we should view the rest of Romans 13. Those authorities do not have the right to ask anyone to sin. Paying taxes does not directly equate to theft. Jesus told a young, rich Mark to sell all his possessions, give them to the poor, and follow Jesus. By his own words, Christ didn't much value worldly possessions. Taxes are simply God's provision to do with what he wants via us a intermediaries. Paul reiterates that in Romans 13. Now if the government is using those dollars to commit sins, and we have 100% proof of that occurring, the discussion gets more complicated. Additionally, God has demonstrated his ability to use very flawed men & leaders throughout history, both Jews (Abraham, Noah, King David, King Solomon, Paul, Peter, etc...) and Gentiles (Pharaoh, King Nebuchadenazarr, King Cyrus, etc...) to bring people to himself, God still does that via persecution. In persecution is where the church thrives and grows. In (worldly) peaceful times, it gets stagnant. That is a theme throughout the Bible.
This is a complicated subject. In my opinion, it's a tangible representative of what God was directing us to do for our own good in Genesis. Don't eat that apple, because you won't be able to comprehend the complexities of God's creation and man. No one can because we aren't God. It was that lack of faith demonstrated by Adam and Eve that led to sin entering the world. The good news is we don't have try and understand it all. All we have to understand is that Jesus came, as God promised, to die a death he did not deserve, to pay the wages of my sin, your sin, and everyone's sin on the cross where God's righteous wrath was poured on. But he conquered death itself by rising from the dead 3 days later. All who repent of their sin and follow Jesus as Lord and Savior will have eternal life.
A gift we don't deserve. A gift we could never earn.
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